Shia and Sunni Realms

Shia and Sunni Realms Introduction Islam is the second largest religion in the world in terms of the population as well as global spread. Prophet Muhammad started the religion in the year 610 CE after receiving a revelation through Gabriel who delivered a message to him from God. Islam believers and followers are referred to as Muslims.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shia and Sunni Realms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Quran is their holy book that acts as a guide for all Muslims as it contains the message from Prophet Muhammad. It guides Muslims on how to live and or conduct their lives religiously. Blanchard (2009, 2) indicates that several Muslim groups have emerged. The groups are defined by their beliefs and practices through their interpretation of the Quran. Among them are the Shia, the Sunnis, Sufism, Ahmadiya, Ibadi, and Yazdanism amongst others. The paper focuses on the Sunni and Shia groups, which are the largest in the world of Muslims, in an effort to find out their defining factors in terms of development, beliefs and traditions, and their significant followers amongst other parameters. Development of the Shia The Shia group of Muslims is the second largest group after the Sunnis. It constitutes about 10-20% of the whole Muslim population in the world. The development of the Shia community started immediately the prophet died due to the different schools of thought adopted by leaders who were around the prophet. This difference was brought about by a succession in terms of who should succeed the prophet in addition to how it should be done. In fact, the prophet had died without clearly indicating how the succession would happen. Therefore, the leading clerics around him took upon themselves to define what the prophet’s succession would have meant thus leading to the emergence of the two groups. Shomali (2003) postulates that the Shia group was guided by the belief that the prophet had app ointed his caliph through divine messages that he had given his followers when he was alive. This revelation was simply an interpretation of the messages he had left behind, which was contrary to what the Sunni group believed. The Shia group is guided by the belief that the Muslim nation’s leadership is a prerogative of God who should be the sole appointer of their leader. This teaching led this group to follow Ali ibn Abi Talib who was Prophet Mohammad’s son in-law.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Development of the Sunni The development of the Sunni can be traced back to the time when the prophet Muhammad died. There was a need to appoint a successor in his place. The Sunni can be described as the largest branch of Islam making up 75-90% of the Muslim population in approximation. The emergence of the Sunni group came about the same time as the Shia g roup. The two can be described as the original groups of Islam immediately after the demise of the prophet. Elshamsy (2008) states that the Sunni came about due to the belief that the appointment of the caliphate was a prerogative of the people and that the first four caliphs were supposed to be the successors of the prophet because he had not appointed a successor nor defined the succession procedure to his followers at the time of his death. The Sunnis therefore believe that a caliph should be chosen by the community and can be anyone as long as he or she is righteous as per the Quran teachings. They therefore do not believe that only the descendants of the prophet should lead the Muslim community. Beliefs and Traditions of the Shia The Shias just like all other Muslims believe that Prophet Mohammad was God’s last prophet and that he was sent by Allah as a messenger to the people to spread Islam. The Shia people believe in the hadith, which are defined as the sayings of the prophet and his aides, which usually form part of the Quran. The Shias believe in the five pillars of Islam, which are Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Saum, and Hajji. These five tenets are the guiding principles that all Muslims should follow for them to attain holiness. Other than the Quran, the Shia derive their teachings and practices from the Sunna, which are the customs and practices done by the prophet ranging from the qiyas, which are analogies to the Ijma, which can be described as a consensus, not ignoring the ijtihad, which is a given individual’s reasoning as Barzegar (2008, 88) reveals. The Shia group believes that the leadership of Islam should be God appointed since He (God) appointed the prophet and that it should follow the prophet’s bloodline. The group also holds that the mujtahids, who are spiritual people, took over the leadership of faith and community when the Imams who were offsprings of Ali ended and that the heads have the mandate to construe lawful, supernatural, and holy knowledge to the community. The Shia group views and commemorates Ashura, which is the tenth day of the month Muharram according to the Islamic calendar according to Fibiger (2010, 32). This day marks the time when Hussein who was Ali’s youngest son was killed by Sunni forces in Karbala Iraq.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Shia and Sunni Realms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, it observes the day by self-flagellation. Hussein was killed in the year 680 by Sunni forces. The Shia group is strongly guided by the doctrine of the imamate. It centers most of its beliefs and teachings on Ali. According to it, the Imam is sinless and infallible and a source of religious absolute. Beliefs and Traditions of the Sunni Just like the Shia, the Sunni came about due to the succession debate within the Muslim society. The Sunnis suppose that the religious head should be chosen through consent of the community and not simply from the bloodline of the prophet. They believe that the prophet Muhammad was a messenger sent by God. They believe in the hadith and the teachings of the Quran. Just like the Shia, the Sunni believe and practice the five pillars of Islam, which are Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Saum, and Hajj. Shias’ teachings are based on the Quran, the Sunna, the hadith, the qiyas, the Ijma, and Ijtihad. The Sunnis never bestow the status of the prophet to their leaders, as they believe that the last person to have the status was the prophet himself. The Sunnis do not have a strict and complicated religious hierarchy. They allow laypersons to lead prayers at the mosque. The practice is only restricted to religious leaders under the Shia group. The Sunnis have several permissible institutions that provide jurisprudence when it comes to the construal of legal issues. The four are Hanfi, founded by Abu Hanifa, Maliki, founded by Malik ibn Anas, Shafi founded by Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi, and the Hanbali, which was founded by Ahmad Hanbal. These legal schools are prevalent in specific regions of the world, which have chosen to use them as Blanchard (2009, 3) points out. Within the Sunni group, there is a movement called Wahabi, which can be described as purist that interprets the Quran in a fundamentalist way. The Sunni group believes that they are the original group and that their interpretation of the Quran is the correct one. Under the Sunni group, the Imams have a big responsibility when it comes to matters of birth, marriage, and death. They are viewed as the leaders of the religion. Leaders and Significant Followers of Shia The Shia can be described as the most fragmented group in the Muslim nation because of the different factions it has among its followers. The Shia group follows Ali who was Muhammad’s cousin as well as the son in law with the belief that Muslim leadership is God appointed. The Shia group has most of its followers in Iraq, Iran, Yemen, central Asia, and Southern Asia. The Shia group is divided into different groups with two major ones coming out prominently.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Shomali (2003) explains, there is the twelver Shiism that believes in the line of twelve imams who are descendants from Ali whose appointments were divine from birth. The twelve Shia leaders are Ali ibn Abu Talib, Hassan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Ali ibn Husayn, Muhammad ibn Ali, Jafar ibn Muhammad, Musa ibn Jafar, Ali ibn Musa, Muhammad ibn Ali, Ali ibn Muhammad, Hassan ibn Ali, and Muhammad ibn Alhassan. All of these leaders were assassinated. They existed at different lines with all of them being descendants of Ali. Leaders and Significant Followers of the Sunni The Sunnis believe in the first four Caliphs after the demise of the prophet. The Sunni subscribe to four schools of Jurisprudence brought about by the four leaders at different times. These schools of jurisprudence have been spread across the Sunni followers across the world with people in specific areas subscribing to specific schools of thought. Fibiger (2010, 34) lists four scholars that the Sunnis look up to. They include Abu Hanifa (d. 767 AD) whose jurisprudence is called the Hanafi having followers in Bangladesh, turkey, the Balkans, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Afghanistan, Jordan, Central Asia and India. The other scholar is Malik ibn Anas (d. 795 AD) whose followers call themselves the Maliki group. They are mostly found in Bahrain, Kuwait, North Africa, and Mauritania. Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi’s (d. 819 AD) school of jurisprudence is called Shafi group and is prevalent in Malaysia, Egypt, Somalia, Sudan, parts of Yeme,n and Ethiopia. Ahamad Hanbali (d. 855) has Hanbali as his school of jurisprudence. He has followers in the following parts of the world who subscribe to his views and thoughts: Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arabs Emirates, and Oman. Ground Breaking Events of the Shia Groundbreaking events of the Shia Muslims can be traced back to the day the prophet Mohamed was born. This period was in earnest the start of Islam as a religion, which would later on lead to the develo pment of the Shia group. The death of Muhammad in the year 632 AD led to succession events with the majority siding with Abu Bakr while the minority sided with Ali only for the group to secure the name Shiat Ali. During this period, the once unified Muslim nation became divided thus giving birth to the Shia and Sunni. Fibiger (2010) states that the killing of Husain who was Ali’s youngest son and a third successor after Ali led to the remembrance of the day by celebrating the day of Ashura when he was killed. This experience further aligned the Shia Muslims towards having their identity in the leadership of Prophet Muhammad’s lineage thus strengthening the Shia group. Ground Breaking Events of the Sunni The groundbreaking events for the Sunni following can be ascribed to the birth of the prophet who later on led the Muslim world. All Muslims celebrate the birth of the prophet because it was the first step to the birth of Islam. The demise of the forecaster led to the s eparation of the Muslim world between the two groups under scrutiny. From this point, the Sunnis were able to define their principles and beliefs. Before the death of the prophet, the Muslims were one group under the leadership of the prophet. According to Sunni News (2009), the Sunni also celebrate the Ashura but not with the same reasons as the Shia but rather as instructions from the prophet who observed the day by fasting. Generally, very few Sunni events can be described as specifically belonging to the Sunnis because most of the days they celebrate are also common with the Shia. Where the Shia Stand Today The Shia group remains small in terms of followership compared to the Sunni. The Shia group is concentrated in specific countries. Their interpretation of the Quran has been criticized as being manipulative to fit their own theories. Nevertheless, the Shia group remains a big force to reckon within the Muslim world because they form almost a quarter of the Muslim population. The Shia Muslims continue to be persecuted in countries where there is the majority of Sunnis. The situation has led to what can be described as an intra-religious war between the two groups. The current structure of the Shia continues to be led by Imams who are regarded as their spiritual leaders. Although they have had splits, the different Shia groups have minor differences that tend to define their existence. For instance, the seveners and the twelvers are the major Shia groups in existence. The groups are divided along diverse schools of thought about the lineage of Imams to follow. As Barzegar (2008) states, some of the Shias hadiths differ from those of the Sunnis. In fact, they include some imams that are not recognized by the Sunni. The Shias just like other religious groups has an expansionist agenda of converting more followers into its group. Where the Sunni Stand Today The Sunnis comprise the largest Muslim group in the world with a 75-90% followership in the whole Musl im nation. Their spread in the world is also the largest due to its popularity. Blanchard (2009, 2) finds that the Sunnis have an organized leadership in the countries where they exist with the highest honor being bestowed on the most learned leader in religious matters. They can be found in countries like Iran where the Ayatollah wields so much influence in both spiritual and political matters. The Sunnis view the Shia people as a group that is out to distort Islamic teachings for selfish reasons by taking every opportunity to fight them. The Sunnis continue to popularize Islam wherever they are by starting community projects that help the community with the aim of winning more converts by generally performing their religious duty as per the Quran. Bibliography Barzegar, Kayhan. â€Å"Iran Shiite Cresent: Myths and Realities.† Brown Journal of World  Affairs 15, no. 1 (2008): 87-99. Blanchard, Christopher. Islam: Sunnis and Shiites. London: Congressional Research Service, 2009. Elshamsy, Ahmad. â€Å"The first Shafii. The Traditionalist Legal Thought of Abu Yaqub alBuwayt.† Islamic Law Society 14, no. 3 (2007): 301-341. Fibiger, Thomas. â€Å"Ashura in Bahrain.† Social Analyst 54, no. 3 (2010): 29-46. Shomali, Muhammad. â€Å"Shia Islam: Origins, Faith and Practices.† Last modified June 20, 2003. http://shiabook.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_3293.html Sunni News. â€Å"Sunni Muslims Look at Ashura as good.† Web.

How to Capitalize the Earth, Sun, and Moon (Plus Other Celestial Objects)

How to Capitalize the Earth, Sun, and Moon (Plus Other Celestial Objects) How to Capitalize the Earth, Sun, and Moon (Plus Other Celestial Objects) The night’s sky can inspire many thoughts. A scientist might dream of finding a new planet. An artist, on the other hand, may find the beauty of the stars captivating. But as proofreaders, our minds immediately drift to capitalization. So join us for a look at when to capitalize celestial objects. Proper Nouns in Space When we say â€Å"celestial objects,† we basically mean â€Å"naturally occurring space stuff.† This includes planets, stars, moons, galaxies, comets, and pretty much anything else that you might see in space. Everything in this picture, then. You just have to zoom in a lot to pick anything out. We capitalize the name of a celestial object when it is a proper noun. Or in other words, we only start a word with a capital letter if it names a specific celestial body, not just a type. So, for instance, the word â€Å"planet† is a common noun (i.e., a type of celestial body). â€Å"Uranus,† meanwhile, is a proper noun (i.e., a specific planet). As such, we don’t need to capitalize â€Å"planet,† but we do use a capital letter at the start of â€Å"Uranus.† Other examples include: Common Noun Proper Noun planet Mars, Venus, Saturn moon Europa, Titan, Callisto star Polaris, Rigel, Sirius galaxy Milky Way, Andromeda comet Halley’s Comet, Hale-Bopp nebula Orion Nebula, Crab Nebula The key in most cases, then, is to think about whether you’re naming something generic or specific. However, there are a few words that can cause confusion, including â€Å"earth,† â€Å"sun,† and â€Å"moon.† How to Capitalize Earth, Sun and Moon Certain â€Å"space† words can be either common nouns or proper nouns. When we say â€Å"the moon,† for example, we’re usually referring to the round object we see in the night’s sky. However, other planets have their own moons, so how do you capitalize this term in those cases? Or others like it? Sadly, there is no single â€Å"correct† approach here. NASA, for instance, say: Capitalize â€Å"Moon† when referring to Earth’s Moon; otherwise, lowercase â€Å"moon† (e.g., â€Å"The Moon orbits Earth,† â€Å"Jupiter’s moons†). But other style guides, such as MLA, suggest only capitalizing terms like â€Å"moon† when they appear in a sentence alongside other proper nouns (e.g., â€Å"The planet Mercury is larger than the Moon†). Ultimately, this may come down to which style guide you are using (or personal preference). Generally, though, we favor the MLA approach. This means only capitalizing â€Å"earth,† â€Å"sun,† and â€Å"moon† when you are both: Referring to the Earth, its Moon or its Sun (not other moons or suns). Using the term alongside other capitalized celestial objects. So, following these rules, we would capitalize these terms as follows: The sun is shining brightly today. What on earth are you talking about? The moon is almost full tonight. The Earth is much closer to Mars than the Sun. You should not, of course, capitalize â€Å"earth† when referring to dirt or the ground. That kind of â€Å"earth† is always a common noun. Summary: How to Capitalize Celestial Objects As a rule, you will only need to capitalize celestial objects when they are proper nouns. In practice, this means: Using a capital letter with the names of specific objects (e.g., Saturn, Mars). Not capitalizing generic objects (e.g., planet, star, galaxy). This becomes a little more complicated with the words â€Å"earth,† â€Å"sun,† and â€Å"moon.† The rules here vary between different style guides and institutions, but we tend to capitalize these terms only when: Referring to the Earth, its Moon or its Sun (not other moons or suns). Using the term alongside other capitalized celestial objects. The most important factor, though, is applying a consistent capitalization style throughout your work. And if you’d like a professional to check your writing, submit a document for proofreading today.